The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

气态有机物组成对生物过滤及菌体密度的影响

以堆肥-火山灰为填料的生物过滤器连续处理含甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的气体,观测生物过滤效果和填料的菌系状态变化.结果表明:在甲苯和乙酸乙酯共存的条件下,生物过滤器优先去除乙酸乙酯;当进气中同时存在甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇时,优先去除乙酸乙酯和异丙醇.填料中各种微生物的菌体密度与过滤去除的有机物组成和浓度有关.霉菌和酵母菌竞争利用乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的能力较强,放线菌和细菌对甲苯的竞争利用能力较强.进气中高浓度的有机物会使填料中的菌体密度增大.在处理甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的生物过滤器的各段填料中,菌体密度按细菌、霉菌、酵母菌、放线菌的顺序而降低. 图 1表 3参 17     

碱法草浆黑液厌氧处理中钠的抑制作用

试验了烧碱法草浆黑液中，钠在厌氧过程中的抑制特性。研究表明，钠盐抑制作用强度为：氯化钠＞木素钠＞硫酸钠＞硅酸钠。相对产甲烷率ＰＭ（Ｉ）和钠浓度Ｉ的关系，可用ＰＭ（Ｉ）＝［１＋（Ｉ／Ｋｉ）＾ａ］＾－１拟合，污泥经过驯化，对钠的耐受能力可提高。     

醋酸铅对PC-12细胞Bax、Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响

用蛋白免疫印迹法研究醋酸铅对PC-12细胞Bax、Bcl-2和p53蛋白表达的影响.结果显示,当醋酸铅浓度达到0.1μmol·L-1时,Bax和p53的表达水平显著上升,决定凋亡是否发生的重要因素Bax/Bcl-2比率也明显上升,并存在浓度依赖关系.当醋酸铅浓度达到1μmol·L-1时,Bcl-2的表达显著降低.结合相关文献报道,Bax、Bcl-2和p53可能在铅诱导的细胞凋亡中起了重要的调控作用.     

水相催化芳香氯化物脱氯研究

通过把起相转移作用的聚乙二醇（PEG）链，键合到硅胶上，再将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）络合双金属Pd-Cu后负载其上，制成一种新型双负载双金属催化剂PVP－PdCl2/SiO2-PEG600,以甲酸钠为氢转移试剂，在水相催水芳香氯化物脱氯，当反应温度80℃左右，n(Pd):n(Cu）=2:1，反应介质pH值11．7左右时，具有较高的催化脱卤活性，催化剂不但易于制备，便于分离，且具有良好的重复使用性能，经重复使用六次，转化率仍在70％以上。     

介质阻挡放电协同Bi2WO6/天然赤铁矿降解乙酸乙酯

为强化DBD（介质阻挡放电）技术对VOCs（挥发性有机物）的处理效果,采用溶胶凝胶法制备Bi₂WO₆/NH（NH为天然赤铁矿）复合催化剂,并利用DBD协同催化剂降解EA（ethyl acetate,乙酸乙酯）.采用XRD（X射线衍射）仪、BET（比表面积及孔径）分析仪、SEM（扫描电子显微镜）分析仪对催化剂进行表征,对比分析DBD、DBD/Bi₂WO₆（DBD协同Bi₂WO₆）、DBD/NH（DBD协同NH）及DBD/Bi₂WO₆/NH（DBD协同Bi₂WO₆/NH复合催化剂）4个体系中EA去除率和能量产率随输入功率、初始ρ（EA）及气体停留时间的变化情况,同时探究输入功率和催化剂对ρ（O₃）及矿化率的影响,并对降解产物进行分析.结果表明:①在不同工艺参数条件下,EA去除率和能量产率均表现为DBD/Bi₂WO₆/NH体系> DBD/NH体系> DBD/Bi₂WO₆体系> DBD体系.②EA去除率随输入功率的升高和气体停留时间的延长而增加,随初始ρ（EA）的升高而降低;但能量产率随输入功率的升高和气体停留时间的延长而降低,随初始ρ（EA）的升高而增加.③在输入功率为84 W、初始ρ（EA）为0.40 mg/L、气体流量为1.0 m3/h的条件下,相较于DBD体系,DBD/Bi₂WO₆/NH体系中EA去除率和矿化率分别提高了19.16%和14.44%,而ρ（O₃）降低了74.47%.④DBD降解EA的最终产物主要为CO₂、H₂O及微量的CH₄、CH₃CH₂OH及CH₃COOH等小分子有机化合物.研究显示,DBD协同Bi₂WO₆/NH复合催化剂能够高效去除EA.      

活性炭吸附二硫化碳解析气相色谱法测定废气中乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯研究

采用活性炭管吸附废气中的乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯,经二硫化碳萃取解析,使用DM-1色谱柱分离后FID检测.实验结果表明:(1)采用活性炭管吸附废气中的目标组份,富集效率良好,二硫化碳解析率可达92％以上;(2)当乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯的含量为6.8～102 ng时,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别在1.8％ ～4.2％和3.2％ ～6.1％之间(n=6);(3)当样品采集量为30 L时,方法检出限分别为0.02 mg·m-3和0.02 mg·m-3.因此,方法能满足实验对空气废气中的乙酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯的检测要求.     

HPLC determination of chlorate metabolism in bovine ruminal fluid

Salmonella and Escherichia coli are two bacteria that are important causes of human and animal disease worldwide. Chlorate is converted in the cell to chlorite, which is lethal to these bacteria. An HPLC procedure was developed for the rapid analysis of chlorate (ClO₃ ^?), nitrate (NO₃ ^?), and nitrite (NO₂ ^?) ions in bovine ruminal fluid samples. Standard curves for chlorite, nitrite, nitrate, and chlorate were well defined linear curves with R² values of 0.99846, 0.99106, 0.99854, and 0.99138, respectively. Concentrations of chlorite could not be accurately determined in bovine ruminal fluid because chlorite reacts with or binds a component(s) or is reduced to chloride in bovine ruminal fluid resulting in low chlorite measurements. A standard curve ranging from 25 to 150 ppm ClO₃ ^? ion was used to measure chlorate fortified into ruminal fluid. The concentration of chlorate was more rapidly lowered (P < 0.01) under anaerobic compared to aerobic incubation conditions. Chlorate alone or chlorate supplemented with the reductants sodium lactate or glycerol were bactericidal in anaerobic incubations. In anaerobic culture, the addition of sodium formate to chlorate-fortified ruminal fluid appeared to decrease chlorate concentrations; however, formate also appeared to moderate the bactericidal effect of chlorate against E. coli. Addition of the reductants, glycerol or lactate, to chlorate-fortified ruminal fluid did not increase the killing of E. coli at 24 h, but may be useful when the reducing equivalents are limiting as in waste holding reservoirs or composting systems required for intense animal production.     

Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction

Advanced reburning (AR) is effective for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction, which integrates the basic reburning (BR) with the injection of nitrogen agents and additive compounds. The basic reburning of poplar, cornstalk, wheat-straw and peanut shell, is studied on a boiler simulator facility (BSF). The influence of operating parameters and the synergistic effect of the injection of ammonia, urea or/and sodium carbonate on NO_x reduction are investigated. The results show that an efficiency of 54–67% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the basic reburning process under the optimum operating conditions and the efficiency would be increased if nitrogen agent is injected with the over-fire air or into the burnout zone. Further, co-injection of sodium carbonate with the nitrogen agent could make the NO_x reduction process more thorough. On the whole, 85–92% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the advanced reburning process with a reburning fuel heat input of 15–20%.     

乙酸钠修复铬污染土壤的机制研究

选择乙酸钠作为农家肥中羧酸类物质的代表,在确定其对铬污染土壤修复效果的基础上,通过化学分析和红外图谱研究,探索乙酸钠与土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)之间可能存在的5种作用方式,并对其有效作用方式的机制进行研究。结果表明:乙酸钠能显著降低铬污染土壤中的Cr(Ⅵ)含量,其有效作用方式是乙酸钠和土壤中有机组分的共同作用;乙酸钠的加入使土壤有机组分中的一些不溶于水的羧酸类物质进入液相,从而促进铬污染土壤的修复。